Art is as varied as the life from which it springs and each artist portrays different aspects of the world they know. Briefly, it may be said that artists paint to discover truth and to create order. The creators of art make discoveries about the wonders and beauty of nature and the dignity and nobility of man. They give these concepts an order to help us understand life in a greater depth. In understanding the history and style of any period of art, we have to comprehend the balance between social and political development of that particular era. Within each and every period, development of style is affected by a response to particular philosophies, social and economic conditions, political and spiritual influences. World Issues have been reflected in art throughout the ages, and this premise is supported by three particular periods of time. This is clearly evident when viewing ancient art, where symbolism was an important part of society. Also, through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, where art was a critical form of expression and finally in the modern age of art where even in looking into the works of individual artists, one can get a sense of the feelings and events of the time and the world. Let us now examine theses three periods in detail, to support this hypothesis
As you look into the ancient past of Egypt, it is quite interesting to note the bureaucracy in the times of 3000 BC, which helps us to understand the art work accomplished in these times. As the Egyptians were united under one central government and ruled by a pharaoh, they were organized by control through a tightly organized bureaucracy. The Pharaoh dominated all facets of the people’s lives. The people dreamed of afterlife as a reward for their hard work while living, and often depicted afterlife where the spirit could find pleasure wandering unseen among the living. The palace art and architecture of these ancient kingdoms was intended to emphasize a hierarchical ordering of society, form ruler, to subject. Egypt's tombs and temples were ornamented with paintings of great distinction. A painting at the tomb of Theber shows floral offerings being made to the hawk god Mentu. This is highly stylized and rich, showing the worshipping of animal gods at the time
As time progressed, the good times were limited by many wars and hostile grounds. In 1250 BC, during the Trojan war, the minoins developed a new form of monumental art to mark the graves of the numerous dead The size and function of these vases brought them closer to sculpture than most pottery. These monumental vases were painted in abstract, and geometrical patterns with no reference to the naturalness of minoin life. Often portrayed, were scenes depicting a moment in the individuals life, or a burial scene to commemorate the dead
As we proceed through the times and move to the fifth century, you can see that this era was dominated by the city of Athens when Athenian drama, poetry, philosophy and politics ruled. In times of the Persian wars, naturalness of action in narrative painting and relief carving came together. This emphasized human dignity in free standing sculptures. Life size statues were created for the first time, most of these, including the famous Kouros and Kritos boy, stand with one foot forward, as if they were heading off to war. Artists put into their pictures our common hopes, ideals, dreams and passions and show us their meaning and value concerning issues surrounding the times. Creators in all the arts make fascinating discoveries about the wonders and the world along with the naturalness, movement and structure of the human form. They give these an order which enables us to see and understand the past and past life with greater depth
Christianity spread slowly throughout the western world, becoming an official religion of the roman empire in the fourth century. By this time, the empire was falling apart, so there was a stiff and formal style of art called Byzantine. This style lasted for centuries, until conditions were greatly improved
By the latter half of this civilization, there was a shift to more gracious, enjoyable lifestyles, characterized by courtly art expressing grand splendor. In France at this time, scholarly art took on secular elegance, while in the court of Louis IX. Pressures of a secular society made gothic artists turn towards elegance and fashion-especially in Wells cathedral, which was then erected. This was an architectural masterpiece commissioned by the king, with enlightening Christian murals to symbolize the wealth and good times, and to welcome the prosperous times ahead
The development of the Flemish school of painting in the fifteenth century marked the end of the great gothic period. This happened just in time for a rebirth in painting-the ever famous Renaissance period. In this period of exploration, invention and discovery, artists traveled to new lands seeking fresh ideas, also studying the world and the heavens. Here, a culture of antiquity was rediscovered. Artists in this period, with increased knowledge of the world, began to study anatomy, science and mathematics involving perspective and dimension. Art was exciting, particularly in the high Renaissance, yet the times were troubled. Discoveries in science were changing the ways man thought of himself. The growth of wealth and the discovery of new lands had triggered a struggle for power and many wars resulted. The challenges which this age brought fourth, fortunately spurred a group of brilliant artists. Younger, Holland and Flanders are some of the many well known artists of this era
As you can now notice, as we go as far back as the European middle ages and ancient times, art was a valuable form of expression, as it depicted feelings and recorded events which were occurring in various countries. In these times, where very few people were literate, art was an important way an individual could explain stories of the world with great expression
Ever since the colonial times, there has been a strong tradition of realism in the United States. George Bellows and Ben Shahn were both social realists who painted members of the working class and their problems and pleasures. Painters like these were rejected from the art academy's and salons because of this supposedly vulgar and improper subject matter. These wealthy, authoritative figures believed that painters should paint to represent nymphs, gods, holy images, or at the least, aristocrats. In one of Shawn's paintings, titled 'Mine Disaster', he represented a scene of a tragedy which occurred close to his home. He depicted a calamitous scene of a gathering of relatives waiting for news of a mining accident. Although he was basically a realist, he included some abstract impressionism in the background to reinforce the sense of desolation and create tenseness, grief and anxiety
Painting developed later in England than in the other European countries, partly because of the fact that both Henry the eighth and Thomas Cromwell destroyed the works of art in English churches and cathedrals. They believed that there were some hidden meanings, or false biblical references which they could not understand. Contrary to the beliefs of these rulers, many artists believed that art may be the key to existence and that artwork remained one possible way of speaking truth in a world of chaos. After the restoration of the Stuart rulers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, people of wealth in England preferred to employ foreign artists
These periods of expression were merely buildups to the advanced movements and rapid changes of the art in the twentieth century. Even before the triggering point of the times-being the first world war, many post war artists became engrossed in highly personalized interpretations-antibiotics, computerization, electronic transistors and the prospects of an atomic world. A brief feminist movement became a passionate cause for some, combining feelings with a response to the real world. Still, the world was preparing for the technological breakthroughs to come
Up until the twentieth century, painting in Canada was solely dominated by French and English styles. This was until 1910, when the group of seven set out to develop a nationalistic style by expressing true Canadian spirit in their paintings. The portrayal of landscapes made Canadians aware of the magnificence of their own country and fostered a pride in a particular comeliness
During World War II, a number of European painters ventured to the United States, where they had a profound effect on young painters. After the war, a group of these artists initialed a movement that became famous throughout the world and served as a model for artists everywhere. This was called abstract expressionism. The artists produced works which were noticeably larger in size, energetic in effect and incredibly individualistic in character. Initially, these paintings illustrated war scenes and images commemorating the soldiers who had perished, but following the war, the paintings were continued to be produced, with a change in subject matter. These works convey the strength and confidence of a powerful country, but they were also private statements proclaiming the "importance of the individual in the face of pressures for conformity and depersonalization." With this strong movement, the United states became the center of the western art world for the first time in history
Through many more years, he experimented with increasingly analytical and geometric forms while continuing to develop a unique cubist technique, making paintings less "rigorous and austere". His masterpiece, "Guernica", was his moving vision of the Spanish civil war. It was his response to the 1937 bombing by the fascist forces of the small Basque town. This was a great emotional/political statement, which combined violent distortion of images, with a restrained subtlety of colour. Between two marriages, he also had a mistress named Francoise Gilot. His meetings with Gilot inspired Picasso to create a charming series of paintings featuring mythology and including representations of fauns, nymphs and pipers-quite different from his usual style. As Picasso remained in France throughout World war II, he was forbidden to show his work, and he joined the French communist party. A number of his paintings then expressed the horror of the war ( The Charnel House 1945) and following this sequence, he responded to the Korean war by Painting 'War and Peace-1952', and 'Massacre in Korea-1951'. It is very obvious to see that the worldwide events which took place in Picasso's life time greatly affected his subject matter and his feelings
The second world war was a watershed for art, while Nazi occupation of Paris helped to break down the dam to be the home of modern art. Artists fled to the United States to escape the fascism. The success of the United States in the cold war was measured by the fact that within a decade of the end of World war II, the United States enjoyed a cultural reputation, fitting into a higher global power status. The Soviet Union at this time was committed to crude socialist realism, suppressing other kinds of art like abstract expressionism. In turn, the United States embodied all the U.S.S.R denied
In modern times, nationalist art became an important topic as well as internationalism in the art world. At any given time, in major cities worldwide, work from many nations are on show. Even though we except the fact that the global art scene consists of a network of cosmopolitan cities, it is becoming increasingly obvious that art recognizes no boundaries in present day. Robert Mother well stated in 1966 that "Art is not national, to be merely an American or French painter is to be nothing; to fall to overcome ones initial environment is never to reach the human." Even in the early part of this century, but progressing through the years, artists saw themselves as internationally linked by aesthetic and conceptual issues with universal readings. Globalization in this case is revealed as a preferable substitute to nationalism. It is actually dangerously misleading to label art of the past or present into national packages. In today's world it is difficult for post colonial nations to maintain identity and integrity in the global art world. There is no guarantee that national art will flourish in the world and raise profile, it depends on the initial economic support. There have been small national successes, for instance in Haiti, murals were painted on the city walls to celebrate "new Haiti" in 1986. This event bore witness to national solidarity in the face of oppression. It brought future hopes and a vehicle for communication for a country where 90% are illiterate
"Through painting, the artist expresses ideas and emotions, as well as a version of the reality he or she perceives, in a two dimensional visual form." Some artists paint concrete forms with which viewers are generally familiar with and some try to create entirely abstract relationships. The way a painting is constructed does not change the fact that as life goes on, and world events weather negative or beneficial occur, these events are reflected through the universal language of art. To study the paintings of any age is to look in the diverse interpretations of the era in which they were produced. Through painting, artists can give expressions of their own ideas and emotions corresponding to personal, national or global topics. As painting depicts the lives we live, it can also quite clearly be stated that an appreciation of painting and all art forms, can also deepen and enrich the lives we live
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